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Les Communia super totam gramaticam, un commentaire questionné inédit sur l'ensemble des Institutions grammaticales de Priscien (VIe siècle) et une partie du livre III de l'Ars maior de Donat (IVe siècle), appartiennent à ce paradigme de la grammaire philosophique qui est apparu en Europe à la fin du XIIe siècle et qui, à la faveur de la découverte du tout Aristote, fleurit au long du XIIIe siècle. Cette collection de questions est contenue - en deux rédactions bien distinctes - dans les manuscrits 16617 du fonds latin de la BnF où elle côtoie des Communia sur la Vieille logique et 1986 de la BHG de l'Université de Salamanque où elle est intégrée dans une vaste somme de Communia sur la Logica Vetus et Nova et sur les philosophies morale et naturelle. Elle est l'œuvre d'un maître ès arts anonyme confondu à tort avec Robert Grosseteste dans le codex de Salamanque. Après avoir prouvé la scientificité de la grammaire, l'auteur y entreprend l'étude succincte de l'orthographe et traite ensuite longuement de chaque partie du discours dans l'ordre priscianien en déployant une sémantique dont la richesse témoigne de l'éclectisme intellectuel typique de la Faculté des arts médiévale. Les définitions derrière chaque partie du discours et l'interprétation que le grammairien philosophe en fait reflètent les propriétés du réel ou les grands principes qui régissent la nature des choses auxquelles renvoient les catégories de mots admises. Ainsi, soucieux de pousser plus loin l'effort stoïcien de Priscien (héritier lui d'Apollonius Dyscole) et profitant entre autres de la réception de la Physique et des innovations logiques et théologiques des siècles précédents, le réflexe médiéval - péremptoire en ce qui concerne notre texte - a été d'approcher les définitions des classes de mots grammaticales et leurs accidents dans une perspective hylémorphique et physique aristotélicienne, parfois néo-platonicienne. Ces principes universels de quiddité, que l'on appelle alors des « modes de signifier généraux », servent de fondement à l'étude de la syntaxe qui clôt la partie du commentaire sur Priscien. Les Communia super totam gramaticam sont édités ici dans leurs deux rédactions et traduits intégralement pour la première fois.
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This book investigates the role of the Latin language as a vehicle for science and learning from several angles. First, the question what was understood as "science" through time and how it is named in different languages, especially the Classical ones, is approached. Criteria for what did pass as scientific are found that point to ?science? as a kind of Greek Denkstil based on pattern-finding and their unbiased checking. In a second part, a brief diachronic panorama introduces schools of thought and authors who wrote in Latin from antiquity to the present. Latin?s heydays in this function are clearly the time between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries. Some niches where it was used longer are examined and reasons sought why Latin finally lost this lead-role. A third part seeks to define the peculiar characteristics of scientific Latin using corpus linguistic approaches. As a result, several types of scientific writing can be identified. The question of how to transfer science from one linguistic medium to another is never far: Latin inherited this role from Greek and is in turn the ancestor of science done in the modern vernaculars. At the end of the study, the importance of Latin science for modern science in English becomes evident.
Latin language --- Latin language --- History. --- Technical Latin.
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This book investigates the role of the Latin language as a vehicle for science and learning from several angles. First, the question what was understood as "science" through time and how it is named in different languages, especially the Classical ones, is approached. Criteria for what did pass as scientific are found that point to ?science? as a kind of Greek Denkstil based on pattern-finding and their unbiased checking. In a second part, a brief diachronic panorama introduces schools of thought and authors who wrote in Latin from antiquity to the present. Latin?s heydays in this function are clearly the time between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries. Some niches where it was used longer are examined and reasons sought why Latin finally lost this lead-role. A third part seeks to define the peculiar characteristics of scientific Latin using corpus linguistic approaches. As a result, several types of scientific writing can be identified. The question of how to transfer science from one linguistic medium to another is never far: Latin inherited this role from Greek and is in turn the ancestor of science done in the modern vernaculars. At the end of the study, the importance of Latin science for modern science in English becomes evident.
Latin language --- Latin language --- History. --- Technical Latin.
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As knowledge of Latin continues to diminish, its frequent use in cases, textbooks, treaties, and scholarly works baffles law students, practitioners, and scholars alike. Many of the Latin terms commonly used by international lawyers are not included in some of the more popular law dictionaries. Terms and phrases included in modern dictionaries usually offer nothing more than a literal translation without sufficient explanation or context provided.The Guide to Latin in International Law provides a comprehensive approach and includes both literal translations and definitions with several useful innovations. Included is not only the modern English pronunciation but also the classical or "restored" pronunciation. Its etymology is more complete than the leading law dictionary on the market, and the definition for each term includes examples used in context whenever helpful. Each entry is also cross-referenced to related terms for ease of use. This updated edition is the quintessential desktop reference for understanding Latin terms and phrases across all areas of international law.
Law --- Latin language
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